الملك إدْرِيْس السّنُوسي: المشروع .. والرؤية .. والأهداف

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عندما تكون المسؤولية في أيدٍ أمينة

لم يقفز الملك إدْرِيْس السّنُوسي على السلطة، ولم يأت إليها مِن فراغ، فقد كان امتداداً لتاريخ الحركـة السّنُوسيّة الّتي سجلت حضورها الوطنيّ بحروف مِن نور فِي صفحات التاريخ الِلّيبيّ، وكان لها حضورها الدعوي البّارز فِي أرجاء مِن أفريقيا.

وكان على صلة بالعالم الخارجي ومنفتحاً على تجارب الآخرين، وقد توارث تقاليد القيادة الرشيدة عَن السّنُوسيّة، واستفاد مِن تجارب أسلافه بشكل فعلي وإيجابي، فِي مشاريع النهوض وميادين الحرب وساحات التفاوض وإبرام الهدنـة وعقد الاتفاقيّات.

وكانت السّنُوسيّة الّتي نشأ سيِّدي إدْرِيْس فِي أحضانها طريقة تربوية وحركة إصلاحيّة نهضوية، اضطرت لرفع السّلاح دفاعاً عَن النفس والعرض والدّين والأرض.

وكان لكل قائد مِن قادتها إسهامه وبصمته المميزة، وقد تعامل كل منهم مع واقعه وفق معطيات عصره وظروف زمانه، دون أن تلوّث السّياسة أحداً منهم أو تفسد السّلطة سلوك واحد منهم.

وقد سلك سيِّدي إدْرِيْس نهج أسلافـه فِي الحرب، حيث لم يذهب إليها إلاّ مضطراً، وجنَّب المدن – وكمَا فعل أسلافـه – ويلات الحرب بجعل رَحَاها تدور فِي الجبال والوديان والساحات الفضاء. وعقـد الاتفاقيّات وأبرم الهدنـة ليلتقط المجاهدون أنفاسهم، ويخفف عَن النَّاس، ويتجنب المزيد مِن الدمار وسفك الدماء.

فقد كان مشروع الإدْريْس مشروع بناء فِي الأساس، والّذِي كان يستلزم تحرير الأرض بِالضرورةِ، وقد اعتمد فِي نهجه التحريري المجابهة على كافـة المستويات ولم يحصـر خياره فِي السّلاح فحسب.

كان السّيِّد إدْريْس السّنُوسي صاحب المشروع الوطنيّ الأوّل، ذلك المشروع الّذِي حظي بالتّداول والنقاش ثمّ الموافقة والانضواء تحت مظلته.. وكان أوَّل زعيم بالمعني الوطنيّ يتجاوز حضوره ودوره وتأثيره حدود قبيلته ومنطقته وإقليمه، وأوَّل شخصيّة وطنيّة تستقبل التأييد والبيعة، ويُمنح لها حق الحديث باسم المناطق المختلفة وأقاليم برقـة وطرابلس وفزَّان، الّتي شكلت فيما بعْد دولـة ليبَيا بعْد الإعلان عنها فِي 24 ديسمبر 1951م، فيصبح السّيِّد إدْريْس ملكاً على الدولة الوليدة بعْد أن كان أميراً، ويكون بعْد إعلان الاستقلال أوَّل حاكم لّيبيّ شرعي للدولة الِلّيبيّة الحديثة تحت اسم المملكة الِلّيبيّة المتَّحدة.

هذا مَا أقره الواقـع ووثقه المؤرخون، فقد وصف بعض المؤرخين ليبَيا بأنها كانت «أرضاً بلا دولة» قبل الإدْريْس، حيث ظلّـت طوال العهد العثماني خاضعة لشكل مِن الأشكال الإدارة ولكنها لم تكن أقاليم موحدة على الإطلاق أو دولة واحدة فِي يومٍ من الأيّام.

ولدت فكرة تأسيس الدولة الِلّيبيّة مع تسلم السّيِّد إدْريْس السّنُوسي إمارة الطريقة السّنُوسيّة وقيادة حركة المقاومة للاستعمار الإيطالي، وذلك حينما تسلمها مِن السّيِّد أحمَد الشّريف فِي العام 1916م.

تحرَّك السّيِّد إدْريْس وفق رؤيّة استراتيجيّة ومشروع ارتكز على أسس المكون الوطنيّ بخلاف المشاريع الّتي سبقته، والّتي كانت تتحرَّك وفق إطارها المناطقي أو بعدها القبلي، والأخرى الّتي كانت تتحرَّك بشكل عالمي عاملة على نشر الدّين ومحاربة البدع وتصحيح المفاهيم، فِي سياق مشروع كان يتجاوز حدود الأقاليم الثلاثة.

وقد انطلق السّيِّد إدْريْس فِي المشروع الّذِي دعا إليه مِن حصـر القضيّة فِي حدود الأقاليم الثلاثة، حيث رأى أن ربط مصير سكّان الأقاليم الثلاثة بمصير دولة الخلافة أو أيَّ جهة أخرى، وإخراج قوَّات هذه الأقاليم للقتال خارج الحدود، لم يعُد يُجدي نفعاً ولا يقبل تبريره اليوم بعدما صار التوجه نحو الدولة القطرية بدلاً عن دولة الخلافة والنظم الإمبراطوريّة.

وبعدما انتفت كل الأسباب والمبررات فلم تعد دولة الخلافة الدولة الّتي يمكن الاعتماد عليها، ولا هي الجهة الّتي تقدر مصالح السكّان وتحقق أهدافهم واحتياجاتهم، خصوصاً أنها تفككت وانسحبت مِن ليبَيا وتركت أهلها وحدهم وجهاً لوجه أمام الإيطاليين بموجب «معاهدة أوشي» أو معاهدة لوزان الّتي وقعتها مع إيطاليا بتاريخ 3 أكتوبـر 1912م فِي قلعة أوشي فِي أوشي فِي ضواحـي لوزان بسويسرا.

وحـدد مشروعه ميدان المعـركـة داخـل الحدود الّتي شكلت الجغرافيا الِلّيبيّة فيما بعْد، وأن يكون التحرَّك على كافـة المستويات والجبهات، بمعنى ألا تكون المعركة مع المستعمر الإيطالي على الجبهة العسكريّة فحسب، إنّما على كافـة الجبهات السّياسيّة والعسكريّة والأمنيّة والثقافيّة والإعلاميّة، حيث رأى مِن الخطأ البالغ حصر التحرَّك فِي جبهة واحدة أو المراهنـة على جبهة واحدة دون غيرها مِن الجبهات.

وارتكز مشروعه على النظرة الواقعيّة والمقدرة على استيعاب المتغيرات تبعاً للمعطيات الدّاخليّة والإقليميّة والدّوليّة المؤثرة فِي مسار القضيّة، كون المسألة الِلّيبيّة متصلة بالعالم وليست منفصلة عنه، مستفيداً مِن التناقضات السّياسيّة بين الكبّار ومعركة الصّراع على المصالح بين القوى الدّوليّة المختلفة، مؤمناً بأن العمل السّياسي الواعي والرصين، يمكن أن يحقق نجاحات أعظم مِن نجاحات البندقية الّتي قد يحققها أصحاب الريادة والمتقدمون فِي المجال العسكري.

وَفِي جانب ثانٍ، كان السّيِّد إدْريْس السّنُوسي يتابع الأحداث العالميـّة ويحاول دائماً معرفـة بوصلة التوجه الدّوليّ ليضع الخطط المناسبة للتعامل مع المستجدات، ساعياً لتوظيف المتناقضات لصالح قضيّة بلاده، فحينما حدثت أزمة فِي الفترة الواقعة بين الحربين العالميتين بين إيطاليا والحبشة، ثمّ احتلت إيطاليا العاصمة الإثيوبية أديس أبابا فِي 5 مايـو 1936م،

دعا بعض الشّخصيّات الوطنيّة والقيادات الجهادية للاجتماع والتشاور فِي مقر إقامته بمدينـة «الحمّام» إحدى مدن السّاحل الشمالي بمِصْر، لأنه كان يرى الاحتلال الإيطالي للحبشة سيستفز بريطانيا وأنه لن يدوم طويلاً، وأن تداعياته ستقود حتماً إِلى تحالفات وسياسات جديدة، وأنها ستؤثر سلباً على منظمة «عصبة الأمم» الّتي تأسست عقب مؤتمر باريس للسّلام العَام 1919م.

أيْضاً، نالت فكرة «حق تقرير المصير» اهتمامه منذ بروزها مع نشوب الحرب العالميّة الأولى، وقد تعامل معها بالقدر الّذِي ينبغي أن يكون بعدما قبلت الأمم المتَّحدة بمبدأ “حق تقرير المصير” كجزء أساسي مكّون لميثاقها.

ويذكر أن فكرة «حق تقرير المصير» برزت منذ نشوب الحرب العالميّة الأولى، ثمّ جاءت ضمن المبادئ الأربعة عشر الّتي نادى بها الرئيس الأمريكي توماس ويلسون وقدمها للكونجرس الأمريكي بتاريخ 8 يناير 1918م.

ولكن، هذا المبدأ صار محل الاهتمام العالمي وحدث فيه تطور كبير فِي الفترة الواقعة مَا بين الحربين العالميتين الأولى والثانيّة، ثمّ برز بوضوح تامّ فِي تصريح الأطلسي العام 1941م بعْد اجتماع الرئيس الأمريكي فرانكلين روزفلت ورئيس وزراء المملكة المتَّحدة ونستون تشرشل، وهُو المبدأ الّذِي دخل حيز التنفيذ وصار جزءاً مِن ميثاق منظمة الأمم المتَّحدة، الّتي أعلن عَن تأسيسها يـوم 24 أكتوبر 1945م.

وحينما قامت الحرب العالمِيَّة الثَانيّة فِي العَام 1936م، راهن الأمِير إِدْرِيْس على الحلفاء ورأى ضرورة الانضمام إِلى قوَّات الحلفاء لطرد الطليان مِن ليبَيا، وطالب بعْد انتصار الحلفاء على المحـور باستقلال ليبَيا، موظفاً مبدأ “حق تقرير المصير” لّذِي أقرته الأمم المتَّحدة وصار جزءاً أساسياً مِن ميثاقها.

وقد دعا الأمِير إِدْرِيْس إِلى اجتماع عقده بدارِه فِي مدينة الإسكندريّة ضَم حوالي أربعين «40» شخصيّة وطنيّة وشيخاً مِن مشايِخ اللِّيبِيِّين المُقيمين بِالمهجر، لأجل طرح مشروع الانضمام إِلى الحلفاء ومناقشة الأوضاع المحليّة والإقليمية والدّوليّة، وكان ذلك يـوم 20 أكتوبـر 1939م.

وطرح الأمِير فكرة تأسيس جيش التَّحـرير على الحاضرين، لأجل طرد المستعمر الإيطالي مِن ليبَيا وذلك بالتحالف مع الحلفاء فِي حربهم ضدَّ المحور، وحرص على الاستماع إِلى وجهات نظر المدعوين وسجل ملاحظاتهم ومقترحاتهم، وانتهى الاجتماع بتفويضه بمُفاوضة الحكومة المِصْرِيَّة والحكومة البريطانِيَّة مِن أَجل الانضمام إِلى الحلفاء.

والشّاهد، تأسس جيش التَّحريـر فِي مِصْر وشارك فِي المعارك الّتي دارت معاركها على الأراضي الِلّيبيّة، وقد أبلت القوَّات الِلّيبيّة بلاءً حسناً، وانتهت الحرب بهزيمة إيطاليا، وخروجها مِن ليبيا.

وعاد الأمير إدْريْس السّنًوسي إِلى ليبَيا، ثمّ قاد عملاً سياسياً دؤوباً ومضنياً للوصول إِلى قرار أممي بشأن استقلال ليبَيا، وقد تمكنت وفوده إِلى الأمم المتَّحـدة يوم 21 نوفمبر 1949م مِن انتزاع قرار أممي يحمل رقم «289» مِن الجمعية العامّة للهيئة الأممية يقضي بمنح ليبَيا استقلالها فِي موعد لا يتجاوز الأوَّل مِن يناير 1952م.

وقد تمَّ الإعلان عَن استقلال ليبَيا يوم 24 ديسمبر 1951م، وذلك حينما وقف الأمير إدْريْس السّنُوسي في شرفة قصر المنارة فِي مدينة بّنْغازي معلناً ميلاد الدولة الليبيّة، وأن البلاد أصبحت منذ هذا اليوم دولة مستقلة ذات سيادة، وأنّه اتخذ لنفسه لقب مَلِك المملكة الِلّيبيّة المتَّحدة، وأنّه سيمارس سلطاته وفقاً لأحكام الدستور.

تحقق حلم الإدْريْس والرجال المخلصين الّذِين معه فِي توحيد أقاليم البلاد وتحريرها مِن المستعمر، ثم فِي بناء دولة كانت شبه معدمة ولم يراهـن سواهم على قيامـها واستمرارها.

وبالرَّغم مِن أن البلاد كانت ثاني أفقر دولة فِي العالم ساعـة إعلان استقلالها، استطاع الإدْريْس ورجال عهده الميمون أن يحققوا إنجازات باهرة فِي فترة وجيرة مِن خلال مشروع وطنيّ مدروس، والتوظيف الرشيد لكافة الإمكانيات المتاحـة، بالإضافة إِلى التعاون المثمر مع المنظمات الدّوليّة الّتي كانت تدعم الدول الناميّة وتقدم لها بعض الخدمات والبرامج التعليميّة والثقافيّة.

وبدأت حكومات الاستقلال فِي توظيف كلِّ قرش تسلمته كمعونة مِن الخارج فِي بناء المدارس والمعاهد وإعداد الكوادر التعليميّة مِن أجل تحقيق نهضة تعليميّة كان لا يرى أنّ يتحقق خير حقيقي للبلاد من دونها، وبتوجيهات مِن المَلِك إِدْريْس – طيب اللهُ ثراه – الّذِي أولى التعليم الأهميّة القصوى، وأوصى وزراءه بوضع مشاريع قطاع التعليم فِي مُقدّمة البرامج التنمويّة للدولة.

وبعد استخراج النفط وتصديره، بدأت ليبَيا فِي خطط خمسيّة كانت بدايتها فِي العام 1963م وكانت مِن المفترض أن تستمر إِلى نهاية العام 1987م، وقد حققت الخطّة الخمسيّة الأولى النتيجة المرجوة منها، وأُجِهضت الخطّة الخمسيّة الثانيّة (1969م – 1974م) فِي مهدها بعْد استيلاء معمًر القذّافي على السّلطة فِي الأوّل مِن سبتمبر 1969م.

ولم يكتف القذّافي بذلك فحسب بل قام بإلغاء كافـة الخطط الخمسيّة الأخرى، ثمّ أعاد البلاد إِلى مربع التخلـف الّذِي سعى رجالات العهد الملكي للخروج منه، وكان بإمكانهم تحقيق ذلك لولا انقلاب القذّافي فِي سبتمبر 1969م.

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المصدر: صفحة الكاتب على التويتر

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