إبراهيم عبدالعزيز صهد

مصر والقضية الليبية

اهتمت مصر بالقضية الليبية، وقامت بتقديم مذكرات إلى مؤتمر وزراء الخارجية، وإلى مؤتمر الصلح فيما بعدولقد انحصر موقف مصر في القول بأنه إذا لم تكن الدول الأربع على استعداد لمنح ليبيا استقلالها على الفور، فإن مصر تطلب أن يعهد إليها بإدارتها بوصاية من الأمم المتحدة، وطلبت مصر منح الليبيين خيار الانضمام إلى المملكة المصرية، وخصت بالذكر منطقة برقة.

وقد استمرت مطالبة مصر (والجامعة العربية أيضابوضع ليبيا تحت الوصاية العربية حتى عام 1947 حيث ابتدأ هذا المطلب يخفت تدريجيا أمام تقدم القضية الليبية.

أما مطالبة مصر بتعديلات حدودية فقد استمرت حتى بعد أن قررت الأمم المتحدة منح ليبيا الاستقلال.

وقد بثت الأمم المتحدة في المطالب المصرية بإحالتها إلى لجان خاصة لدراستها الأمر الذي دفع بمصر إلى التوقف عن تلك المطالب بعد أن لمست حدة ردود الأفعال من طرف الشعب الليبي وخاصة احتجاج السيد إدريس لدى السيد أدريان بلت وإعلامه إياه أنه لن يقبل أية تعديلات في الحدود تتم قبل استقلال ليبيا.

وكانت مصر قد قدمت مذكرات إلى مؤتمرات وزراء خارجية الدول الكبرى وإلى، مؤتمر الصلح، وإلى دورات الجمعية العامة الثالثة والرابعة والخامسة والسادسة مطالبة بضم هضبة السلوم حتى تصبح مدينة البردية ضمن الحدود المصرية بحيث يبدأ خط الحدود إلى الغرب من البردية متجها إلى الجنوب الغربي ثم إلى الجنوب ضاما شريطا عريضا يحتوي على واحة الجغبوب، وبوصول خط الحدود إلى أعماق الجنوب يتوسع ليشكل مثلثا كبيرا رؤوس أضلاعه (معطن سارة – أركينو – العويناتبحيث تقع هذه الواحات كلها في الأراضي المصرية.

وقد قدمت الوفود المصرية خرائط تحتوي المناطق المطلوب ضمها.

وقد انتهت هذه المسالة نهائيا بعد استقلال ليبيا.

موقف الجامعة العربية وأمينها العام

كانت القضية الليبية مثارة يوم إنشاء الجامعة العربية، وقد رأينا كيف أن السيد إدريس قد حاول مبكرا انضمام الشعب الليبي إلى الجامعة العربية أثناء انعقاد المؤتمر التأسيسي لوزراء الخارجية العربوقد كان لوجود السيد عبد الرحمن عزام أمينا عاما للجامعة أثره في أن تتشكل علاقة الجامعة بالقضية الليبية بالكيفية التي حدثت، ذلك لأن السيد عزام كان يرى في الجامعة رئاسة للدول العربية وليست منظمة إقليمية، كما أن ارتباطاته السابقة بالقضية الليبية قد دفعت بالسيد عزام إلى تبني القضية الليبية بأفكاره وآرائه الخاصة وبخلفياته عن ليبيا.

وقد قدم الأمين العام للجامعة مذكرات إلى مؤتمر وزراء خارجية الدول الكبرى تتمشى مع نفس المعايير الواردة في المذكرات المصرية، فطالب باستقلال ليبيا أو السماح لها بالانضمام إلى مصر، أو وضعها تحت الوصاية المصرية أو وصاية الجامعة نفسها.

وفي الواقع فإن الجهود التي بذلتها الجامعة وأمينها قد شابتها سقطات غير قليلة ارتكبها الأمين العام، أدت إلى حرمان ليبيا من موقف مؤازر واضح من الجامعة، بل كان للجامعة بعض المواقف التي تحسب على أنها معرقلة لإنجاز استقلال ليبيا.

ويقول الدكتور مجيد خدوري في كتابه ” ليبيا الحديثة”: “كانت آراء عزام الشخصية حول القضية الليبية قد أصبحت معروفة في المحافل العربية، وقد أثارت جهوده في المجالس الدولية لتأييد مطالب مصر في الوصاية على ليبيا انتقاد الكثيرين من الوطنيين الليبيين.

وكان قد أصر على أن أفضل الحلول هو أن توضع ليبيا تحت وصاية جامعة الدول العربية على أن تتحمل مصر العبء الأكبر بسبب قربها الجغرافي من ليبيا ولأن مصر تعرف مشكلات تلك البلاد، وقد عبر عزام أيضا عن موافقته على توحيد برقة وطرابلس ولكنه قال إذا استحال وحدة المنطقتين واستقلالهما فإنه من المناسب ضم برقة إلى مصر”.

وقد لوحظ أن موقف السيد عزام قد تبلور حول تعمد تجاهل السيد إدريس بالرغم من أن عزام يعرف موقعه القيادي وزعامته التي لا يمكن تخطيهاوقد سبق للسيد إدريس أن قدم إلى عزام مذكرة بطلب عرض القضية الليبية على مجلس الجامعة، وهي المذكرة التي أشار إليها عزام نفسه في مذكراته بعد تنحيته عن أمانة الجامعة العربية.

وفي الواقع فإن عزام– وهو الأمين العام– بدلا من أن يكون طرفا محايدا بين الليبيين رأيناه دائما يأخذ موقفا مضادا لموقف السيد إدريسوقد سبق للسيد عزام أن تدخل في مسألة تأسيس الجيش السنوسي، ونصح بعض الزعماء وخذّلهم عن الانضمام إلى ذلك المسعى بحجة أن بريطانيا لم تقدم وعودا كافية بالمقابل، وقد اعترف عزام بذلك أمام وفد الجمعية الوطنية التأسيسية الذي زاره في بيته في القاهرة بتاريخ فبراير 1951، ولكن عزام أوعز السبب في قيامه بالتخذيل إلى قناعته آنذاك– بأن المحور سوف ينتصر في النهاية.

وقد بلغت تجاوزات الأمين العام مداها عندما تدخل في أمور ليبية داخلية صرفة، عندما شارك في الطعن في شرعية الجمعية الوطنية التأسيسية وأدلى بتصريح إلى صحيفة “تيمبو” الإيطالية أعلن فيه أن الجامعة لن تعترف بمقررات هذه الجمعية، وأن الجامعة لن تقبل في عضويتها دولة لم تؤسس بطريقة مشروعة.

ثم أتبع هذا التصريح بأن طلب إلى اللجنة السياسية لجامعة الدول العربية أن ترفض الاعتراف بدولة ليبيا، ودفع عزام بمجلس الجامعة نحو اتخاذ هذا القرار الخطير بتاريخ 17 مارس 1951 بالرغم من احتجاج بعض الوفود العربية خاصة العراق ولبنان– بأن المشكلة الدستورية الليبية هي مسألة داخلية لا يحق لجامعة الدول العربية أن تتدخل فيها.

ومع ذلك استمر السيد عزام في الإدلاء بتصريحاته المناهضة للإجراءات والقرارات التي ابتدأت تشكل أسس بناء الدولة الليبية، كذلك استمر عزام في حرصه على توجيه النداءات إلى الشعب الليبي مباشرة دون مخاطبة قيادات هذا الشعب.

كذلك في يوم استقلال ليبيا، فشل الأمين العام في القيام بواجب تهنئة الشعب الليبي بالمناسبةولقد حالت مواقف الأمين العام دون انضمام ليبيا إلى جامعة الدول العربية إلى أن أُجبر السيد عزام على تقديم استقالته من الأمانة العامة للجامعة تنفيذا لتعليمات من مجلس قيادة الثورة المصري في صراع ليس له علاقة بالشأن الليبي.

كذلك فقد أدت مواقف الأمين العام هذه إلى إسقاط ظلال من الشكوك على ما قامت به الجامعة من مساع أثناء نظر القضية الليبيةوقد وصف الدكتور نيقولا زيادة في كتابه القيم “ليبيا في العصور الحديثة” هذه المواقف بقوله:”إن موقف جامعة الدول العربية –ممثلا بأمينها العام يومئذ– لم يكن دوما موقفا عادلا بعيدا عن الهوى كما يبدو في القرار الذي اتخذ بتاريخ 17 آذار (مارس) 1951 بخصوص لجنة الستين”

يتبع في الجزء التالي

_____________

(كتبت هذه المقالة عام 1990 ونُشرت في مجلة الإنقاذ)

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  • In Contrast To compound exercises similar to bench presses,
    which target the chest, triceps and shoulders, the low Cable Chest Fly
    solely targets the chest. Here are the 14 finest cable chest workout routines
    for constructing larger and wider chests. Incorporating totally different cable exercises can successfully goal
    numerous areas of the chest, offering a more comprehensive exercise.

    By adjusting the angle and grip on the cable machine, you can give attention to creating particular parts of the
    chest while also addressing any muscle imbalances.

    Various rep ranges is essential for maximizing the effectiveness of cable chest workouts.
    By incorporating a mix of low, reasonable, and excessive rep
    ranges, you possibly can target completely different muscle fibers, promoting overall muscle development
    and development. It’s crucial to maintain proper type all through to effectively have interaction the chest muscles.

    A basic understanding of your muscular anatomy can amplify your training expertise.
    Let’s go through a number of the key gamers involved together with your
    chest exercise with cables. The cable machine is a unbelievable workout device for any part of your
    body, particularly your chest. For instance, you could do a cable fly
    with the cable angled from above (a high to low fly) to hit
    your lower chest or angled below (a low to high fly) to hit your higher chest.

    David S. Nickum is an inspirational fitness professional
    with over 10 years within the health and wellness trade.

    What he brings to any workout program is a deep
    understanding of anatomy, vitamin, and train physiology.
    His packages are distinctive, progressive, educational, and customised
    to get the job accomplished quickly.
    In Contrast To barbell presses, this is one place the place Arnold and firm got it mistaken. They did a lot of dumbbell flyes
    and often thought of cable crossovers and pec-deck flyes as “sculpting” workouts to help etch in striations when weight-reduction plan earlier than a contest.

    Cable chest exercises require proper form and technique to minimize the danger of harm and obtain efficient results.
    Seek steerage from a fitness skilled or trainer to ensure you are performing
    the exercises correctly.
    Sufficient nutrition and proper form throughout workout routines are additionally crucial components in achieving optimum results with out
    risking harm. To maximize positive aspects during this stage of coaching, it’s necessary to concentrate on progressive overload while also permitting
    enough time for relaxation and recovery between workouts.

    This routine focuses on progressively increasing the load while still
    prioritizing correct kind and participating all areas of the chest.
    This helps forestall injuries whereas bettering efficiency throughout other lifts or sports activities actions that require
    robust chest muscular tissues. For instance, you can change the peak of the pulley, use different handles,
    adjust the angle of resistance by standing, sitting, or altering the path
    you’re going through, and so on. With a stable flat bench, there is
    minimal engagement of the core muscular tissues (just enough
    to maintain you mendacity flat whereas pressing).

    In conclusion, these cable workouts provide a flexible and effective method to target your chest muscle tissue.
    They are sensible, easy to implement, and environment friendly for anybody looking to strengthen and sculpt their pectoral muscle tissue.
    The cable incline fly targets the upper chest, offering a deep stretch
    and efficient contraction in every repetition. This exercise enhances pectoral muscle improvement and helps in achieving a
    well-defined chest. The seated single arm cable row is amongst the best cable
    back workout routines as a outcome of it’s unilateral
    the place you will work one side of your physique at a time.

    This is the same concept because the earlier train, however you will be moving your arms from low
    to excessive. With that, the emphasis is positioned on your
    higher chest and you’ll get even more entrance delt
    activation due to the movement being based on shoulder flexion (and
    adduction). Using isolation workouts to train your tris can ensure general growth.
    You must carry out a spread of triceps workouts in your coaching routine to
    have interaction all three triceps heads — medial, lateral, and long.

    By using cables, you can guarantee a constant rigidity on the muscular tissues all through the motion, leading
    to higher muscle engagement and development. This train not only helps in constructing symmetrical chest muscle tissue but also improves stabilization as all sides works separately, minimizing
    power imbalances. One of the key advantages of incorporating low to excessive
    cable flys into your cable chest workout routine is
    their versatility in adapting to different fitness ranges.
    Novices can start with lighter weights and concentrate on mastering correct form before
    steadily rising resistance. For advanced lifters, including challenges like
    pausing at peak contraction or utilizing drop sets can intensify the exercise.

    The chest musculature is primarily made up of the pectoralis
    major, with the smaller pectoralis minor beneath. One of the drawbacks of utilizing cables to train the chest is that the exercises require some fiddling to
    get into the beginning positions. Maintain your elbows barely bent
    and your again straight throughout to force your chest muscles to do the work.
    Set your pulleys to the lowest setting and place your bench in the midst of the towers.

    Set your incline bench to the best position, lie again, and grip the handles.

    Working out your chest targets two main muscle groups, the pectoralis
    major and the pectoralis minor. The pectoralis major is the bigger of
    the two and sits on prime of its smaller pectoralis minor
    counterpart. Chest workouts lengthen to target peripheral muscles such as the serratus anterior, deltoids, and subclavius.
    Strengthening the peripheral chest muscles is
    necessary for stabilizing joints and bigger muscle teams.
    For instance, doing a single arm cable fly won’t only work your chest muscular tissues, but in addition your core muscles.

    The exercise begins with the bench press, which lays
    a basis by working just about your entire chest. The decline push-up is a
    variation of the common push-up, during which you’ve placed
    your ft on an elevation. This makes the train heavier
    and shifts extra of the work towards your upper chest.

    A Cable Shoulder Press can be done both standing or seated on a bench with a straight bar attachment or cable pulley handles.
    However, they do offer some benefits to the rear deltoids and the general shoulder area, particularly in stabilizing and controlling the movement.
    When you’re slowly controlling the burden on the means in which
    down, you’re truly creating extra micro-tears within the muscle fibers.
    The concentric portion is when you’re lifting the weight, contracting your muscles.

    This permits your body to adapt to new stresses and challenges,
    especially if you’re incorporating those diversified
    rep ranges we talked about earlier. As A End Result Of this allows sufficient stimulus for growth and power, while also
    offering ample restoration time. For endurance (15-20 reps),
    go lighter to sustain performance all through the set.

    Chest exercises down muscle fibers, which then need
    time to repair and recover to permit your muscles proper recovery, muscle development, and energy development.
    Working out the same muscle group daily with out adequate relaxation can impede the restoration process and hinder progress.
    Secondly, you shouldn’t work out your chest on a regular basis as a end result of overtraining slows development
    and lowers athletic efficiency. Overtraining occurs when you continually topic your muscular tissues to
    intense exercises without permitting them sufficient time to get well.

    With machines that slide along a onerous and fast rail, stability
    is designed into the machine. With the cable machine, however,
    you need to create your individual stability and have interaction secondary muscle tissue to maintain your hands shifting alongside the proper plane of motion. Perform your chest exercise each 5th day and, with 3 months, you must count on to add
    as a lot as an inch in your chest muscle tissue.
    When it involves getting an superior pec pumping workout, cables are the
    way in which to go. They permit you to hammer your chest from each conceivable angle and to apply fixed pressure from start
    to finish. To cover some of these briefly once more, cable machines are
    easy to adjust, fast to alter resistance ranges, versatile of their
    attachments, and accessible to all ability ranges.
    To improve the vary of motion, a swiss ball can allow the shoulder
    blades to contract across the arched surface. Being on your feet permits your whole
    physique to get involved in a stabilizing capacity while the pecs, delts and triceps guide the press.

    Some moves concentrate on strength, whereas others are
    better suited for muscle development or endurance. Totally
    Different workouts may also focus on the stretched or lengthened
    place, while others will problem the muscle in a maximally contracted position. For instance, shoulder flexion motions stimulate the upper fibers of the muscle.

    The two major chest exercises you’ll do with cables are presses and flys.
    However, there are numerous variations for both cable presses and cable flys.
    Not solely are they easier on the joints (shoulders, elbows and
    wrists), for essentially the most part, you can also easily bail from any train. With that, you
    can practice to failure with cable machines and actually get probably the most hypertrophy and strength advantages potential.
    Let’s go over the two major variables for cable chest exercises so you will note why we’ve so many cable exercises for chest…

    The subsequent exercise, the Standing Cable LC Press, is one which I love because it’s extremely efficient.
    Don’t just stand there and bend and straighten the elbows,
    as a result of that would be working the triceps greater than the chest.
    It works the chest fibers in exactly the right
    approach to observe the fibers of that belly head.
    For mid-back, give attention to workout routines where your hands are closer together like close grip rows.
    For the higher again choose workouts like wide grip rows, single-arm bent over rows and
    cable shrugs. Situated under the traps they stretch from the spine to the medial region of the scapula.
    This muscle doesn’t get lots of love so it’s necessary
    that you just concentrate on concentrating on this muscle utilizing various again workouts and angles discovered beneath.

    Again workouts with a cable machine will allow you to move by way of a full vary of motion with out vying off the
    intentional path.
    This is very nice for newbies who’re trying to be
    taught the correct range of movement or work
    on their mind-muscle coordination. For more advanced lifters, it may also present the benefit of helping muscular
    tissues adjust to a motion that shall be
    carried out with free weights later on. Selection is the
    spice of life, but if all you have entry to is cable machines, you can positively develop a great-looking
    chest. A cable workout routine will lend itself to a more hypertrophic experience.
    So if you’re seeking to make those pecs pop, cable machines are nice.
    Very very similar to the cable press on a bench but
    with the added instability of the exercise ball. Typically, you
    don’t need as much weight with much less stability, but you recruit a bunch
    of stabilizing muscles that provides you with a great bang in your buck.

    Our workers of licensed coaches, physicians, and dietitians
    will create a program tailor-made to your needs and targets and keep
    you motivated all through your training journey. Weight Use a weight that leaves
    you 1 to 2 reps short of failure, e.g. So, as a substitute of thinking by method of “better,” think about the benefits of each and how they
    can fit into your overall coaching strategy.
    Persevering With with the concept above, the speed at which you carry out every rep matters as
    it could immediately influence the depth you are
    feeling. It’s not just about how heavy the
    load is however how onerous the set feels. When you’re hitting these Bench Presses or Push-Ups, that is the muscle you’re
    working.
    A well-developed chest is a key factor of an aesthetically pleasing physique.
    While traditional urgent workouts like the bench press and
    push-ups are essential, incorporating twisting movements
    can add a new dimension to chest training. Along with
    these exercises, think about Gardner’s most
    popular dumbbell cranium crushers, dumbbell flys, push-ups
    and chest dips. While Ezechibueze recommended seated low-to-high cable
    flys, dumbbell ground presses and seated chest flys.

    This train is just like a Cable Fly, however as a substitute of pushing inward at chest stage, you push the
    load inward and down toward the level of your abs.

    You’re nonetheless setting the deal with on the highest
    angle attainable, however the angle of your inward push will shift downward, inserting
    the emphasis on the internal chest muscular tissues.
    Because of the location of the machine, the tendency
    shall be in your arms to float outward because of
    the stress on the cable. Your shoulder and tricep muscles need to work to maintain the handles regular and controlled in the course of the full range of
    up-and-down motion.
    Cable workouts are an efficient way to strengthen and tone the muscle tissue in your body.

    They provide a variety of resistance levels, permitting you to tailor the workout intensity to swimsuit your
    personal fitness goals. Cable workouts are an excellent addition to any exercise routine,
    as they might help to improve stability, strength, and mobility.
    In this article, we will focus on the several types of cable exercises out
    there and supply descriptions of every one.

    References:

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    As the curtain falls on this discussion, the takeaway
    message is that Oxandrolone can indeed be a major addition to your health
    regime. Yet, its affect closely relies on your private dedication to staying energetic and main a healthy life-style.

    Some of the potential unwanted effects of a Clen and
    Anavar cycle embrace nausea, vomiting, headaches,
    and elevated heart rate. It is essential to watch your physique
    closely and speak with a healthcare skilled when you expertise any antagonistic effects.
    If you’re looking to get lean and ripped, a Clen and Anavar cycle
    could also be just what you want. This mixture of two powerful slicing steroids can help
    you burn fat, build muscle, and get the outcomes you want.

    Anavar grew to become an efficacious cutting steroid,
    displaying much less poisonous effects than different anabolic steroids.
    Women and kids additionally experienced few
    unwanted aspect effects in scientific trials when taking therapeutic dosages.
    Outcomes may differ, but typically, users start noticing subtle improvements throughout the first couple of weeks.
    As the cycle progresses, these enhancements turn out to be more pronounced, resulting
    in seen modifications in muscle definition,
    energy, and fats loss by the top. While gentle in comparability with different compounds,
    Oxandrolone, though milder compared to different compounds, has the potential to deliver constructive results.
    Stacking Oxandrolone with Testosterone in a cycle is sort of prevalent amongst fitness fanatics,
    as it brings about unique results. The primary cause behind this stacking selection is to maximize the benefits
    of each substances while minimizing the potential for antagonistic effects.

    Muscle gains of 15lbs and up to 25lbs are a possibility for new steroid users on Testosterone Enanthate.
    Medical doses of Testosterone Enanthate for TRT will typically be 100mg to 300mg per
    week, based on the identified medical needs of
    the affected person. The bodybuilder’s approach to dosing Testosterone Enanthate may be very completely different unless it is solely getting used as
    a low-dose testosterone base whereas stacking
    with different AAS. Bone density and joint power shall be
    improved, which is one benefit of the conversion to estrogen that occurs (aromatization).
    Different effects in a roundabout way related to bodybuilding include improved well-being, heightened psychological power
    and focus, improved libido, and more.
    Anavar, or oxandrolone, is considered one of the most commonly used
    anabolic steroids, with both men and women cycling it.
    Some bodybuilders make the most of Anavar all yr round, just like testosterone alternative
    therapy (TRT). Nevertheless, this is not really helpful as a
    end result of extreme hepatic and renal toxicity.

    References:

    bodybuilders before steroids were invented (Patsy)

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