مفهوم حرية الرأي والتعبير

February 4, 2022

تعد حرية الرأي والتعبير مقدمة أساسية لتشكيل شخصية الإنسان اجتماعيا وسياسيا وهي المدخل لتكوين قناعة ذاتية باتجاه فكري أو أخر أو تصديق معلومة أو تكذيبها وهي أمر داخل الإنسان يتشكل باجتهاده الشخصي، ولهذا نص الإعلان العالمي لحقوق الإنسان على حق الإنسان في اعتناق الآراء دون مضايقة، وهذا ما أيده العهد الدولي الخاص بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية بأن لكل فرد حق في اعتناق أي رأي دون تدخل.

إذ بحرية الرأي يستطيع الإنسان أن يحدد موقفه من الانضمام لحزب معين أو جمعية معينة، وهذا هو الأساس الديمقراطي، إذ بدون حرية الرأي لايكون هنالك إنسان سياسي واجتماعي وتنعدم الصلة بين الإنسان والسلطة أو بينه وبين المجتمع مما يقود إلى التخلف والتدني والتراجع عن التقدم وذلك لغياب الإبداع الشخصي الذي أساسه حرية الرأي.

وترتبط حرية الرأي بحرية ثانية هي حرية التعبير التي تعتبر وجهين لعملة واحدة، إذ يتطلبان حرية في البحث والاستقصاء وجمع المعلومات وتلقيها ونشرها بأي وسيلة دون التقيد بالرقعة الجغرافية.

ويمكن تعريف حرية الرأي والتعبير بصورة عامة وفق القانون الدولي العام بأنها حرية الشخص في أن يقول ما يفكر به دون ان يطارد وتشمل الحرية في استقصاء الأخبار وتلقيها وإذاعتها بأي وسيلة كانت دون التقيد بالحدود الجغرافية وبأي شكل سواء كانت مكتوبة أو شفهية أو مطبوعة وبأي وسيلة يختارها الشخص. وعلى أساس هذا التعريف فإن حرية الإعلام تمثل حجر الأساس لمضمون حرية الرأي والتعبير.

الواقع أن حقوق الانسان تواجه بصفة عامة جملة من القيود عند ممارستها ومنها حرية الرأي والتعبير، إذ أن هذه الحرية تقيد بمجموعة من القيود القانونية لغرض تنظيم ممارستها ولضمان احترام حقوق أو سمعة الآخرين أو من أجل حماية الأمن الوطني والنظام العام أو الصحة العامة أو الأخلاق العامة، وهذا ما أكدته جميع الاتفاقات الدولية، حيث تحظر بالقانون أية دعوة إلى الكراهية بما يشكل تحريضا على التمييز أو العداوة أو العنف.

وبعض الاتفاقيات الدولية قيدت حرية الرأي والتعبير ببعض الاجراءات والشروط والقيود أو الجزاءات التي ينص عليها القانون والتي تكون ضرورية في كل مجتمع ديمقراطي للحفاظ على أمنه الوطني ووحدته الوطنية ولحماية النظام العام أو منع الجريمة أو لحماية الصحة أو الآداب العامة أو لحماية السمعة أو لحماية حقوق الغير أن لمنع انتشار المعلومات السرية.

إن حرية الرأي والتعبير واحدة من أهم حقوق الانسان وأساس للنظام الديمقراطي لأي دولة من دول العالم وهذا واضح من خلال النص عليه في ميثاق الأمم المتحدة التي تعتد من المنظمات الدولية العالمية إذ اقترنت حرية الرأي والعبير بمقاصد الأمم المتحدة ومنها حفظ الأمن والسلم الدوليين وهذا يدل على عالمية هذه الحرية وأهميتها وإن كانت هذه الحرية قد تقيّد بعض الضوابط والإجراءات والقيوم لغرض تنظيم استخدامها وحفاظا على النظام الوطني والآداب أو الأخلاق العامة والنظام العام وحقوق الغير وغيرها.

وبالرغم مما تقدم فإن هذه الحرية ما زالت تُنتَهك والأسباب عديدة ومختلفة في معطياتها من مكان إلى آخر في العالم فمثلا في الدول النامية إذ ترزخ تحت خطوط الفقر والتخلف وحماية حقوق الإنسان وحرياته آخر اهتمامتها ومنه حرية الرأي والتعبير، في حين أصبحت الدول دولة تدخلية في دول العالم المتقدم التي تمتلك كل أسرار التقدم والتطور العلمي والتكنولوجي، إذ تهتم بكل مجالات الحياة وشؤونها ملبية للحاجات وتحل الكثير من المشاكل ومن مجمل اهتماماتها بالفرد يهدد خصوصيته ويتطي الحق للدولة في مراقبته لما وصلت إليه من وسائل التقدم التكنولوجي الكبير.

على أي حال ورغم كل التحديات التي تواجه حرية الرأي والتعبير باعتبارها حق من حقوق الإنسان لا زال المجتمع الدولي يحاول توفير أكبر قدر ممكن من الضمانات القانونية لها، لذا يتوجب تشجيع هذه الحرية وحمايتها من خلال إعطاء فرصة أكبر لممارستها، إذ تعد الأسال لكل إبداع، وتقدم في المجالات الفكرية والفنية والإبداع الذاتي.

________________

المصدر: هديل مالك و نضال عباس، “دور القانون الدولي في حماية حرية الرأي والتعبير” ـ المجلة السياسة والدولية، عدد 21 (2012)

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    Thus, some people may experience important hair loss
    from a low dose of Anavar.
    Anavar is massively popular with feminine customers, however girls don’t require the kind
    of post-cycle remedy that males do after an Anavar cycle. At a minimum, all
    male customers will want to stack Anavar with testosterone at a base TRT dosage to keep away from the results
    of low testosterone as a outcome of Anavar’s suppressive
    activity. If Anavar is getting used as a half of an extended contest prep cycle, it’s going to often be
    saved for the final weeks of the cycle to get you as lean and shredded as potential.
    We could examine Anavar with an extended record of AAS and different PEDs if
    you’re making an attempt to choose the best compound for your subsequent cycle.
    Here, I wish to concentrate on lining it up against
    two other in style cutting steroids, plus a famous fat burner.

    An Anavar-only cycle can enhance fats burning whereas including reasonable quantities of muscle mass.
    There are many positive results that can be attained through an Anavar cycle,
    starting from the muscle-building benefits that we’ve already
    discussed to therapeutic wounds. So oxandrolone really has a wide range
    of benefits for both bodybuilders and medical sufferers.
    Weight gain will differ from individual to individual, however most
    customers can anticipate to achieve wherever from 5 to 15 kilos throughout their
    cycle. Maintain in mind that this weight achieve is not going to be completely muscle mass.

    In sum, throughout the first two weeks of an Anavar cycle, while the
    transformations may not be too drastic, the promise of impactful outcomes becomes clear.
    The preliminary features in strength, onset of the fat burning course of, and delicate signs of muscle definition all point to the constructive course
    the body is set on with Anavar. Winstrol is a cutting steroid
    that produces important outcomes, especially when stacked
    with other steroids.
    Such a stack can successfully have you not having to consider
    fluid retention at all except you determine to take a better
    dose of testosterone in the stack. Stacking Anavar will almost completely
    be for cutting and recomposition cycles for male users.
    Females will usually use Anavar to achieve lean mass, as women will be far more conscious of the anabolic effects of this steroid.
    As I mentioned, Anavar is amongst the few steroids women can confidently use.

    Cycles must be restricted to six weeks, and
    the dosage must be 10mg day by day.
    There is no must taper down the dose after you’ve hit your most – you presumably can stop the cycle at the 4-week mark or a most of 6 weeks.
    The following Clenbuterol cycle example is suitable for
    almost anyone. Clen is used every day for two weeks,
    stopped fully for one more two weeks, and began once more afterward.
    Adjusting your Clenbuterol dosage progressively larger as your cycle advances is normal and beneficial.

    Many users will cease it completely as soon as the very best dose
    is reached at the end of the cycle. Some users will decrease the dosage over a couple of days
    at the finish of the Clen cycle, however most people will discover this unnecessary and with no benefit.
    Hardcore Clen users who risk utilizing larger
    doses are those most able to tolerate the tough side effects.

    References:

    closest supplement to steroids gnc

  • The androgenic results of Trenbolone are attributed to its robust binding affinity for
    androgen receptors. This leads to elevated aggression, psychological focus, and total
    drive in users, typically resulting in improved performance during exercises.

    Nevertheless, these androgenic results also induce potential unwanted aspect
    effects, corresponding to pimples, hair loss, and elevated body hair progress
    in some users. On a final observe relating to how does tren work, it also increases
    the levels of IGF-1 and MGF in muscle tissue. This can be extremely useful because these two hormones can stimulate protein synthesis inside muscle tissue, serving to to
    increase energy and speed up recovery after exercises.
    Whereas these two hormones work collectively to speed up muscle progress, the right tren dosage can promote fats loss
    along side food regimen and exercise.
    Hair loss on the scalp, enlarged prostate, and pimples vulgaris are widespread
    unwanted effects we see with testosterone/trenbolone stacks.
    The extent of these adverse effects is dependent on a person’s genetics.
    Generally, when you skilled zits during puberty or at present
    have a receding hairline, this cycle may irritate both or both.
    This is a standard bulking cycle that combines two potent
    mass-building steroids. Whereas tren cough can be annoying, it’s not essentially the most
    critical aspect effect to watch for. More critical issues embrace managing your blood stress,
    ensuring your liver stays healthy, and helping your testosterone ranges
    get well rapidly after your cycle.
    Overall, utilizing trenbolone safely and responsibly is essential for reaching
    optimal outcomes whereas minimizing potential risks. Authorized steroid options provide a secure and efficient different for these seeking to improve their performance and achieve their health goals.
    As with any performance-enhancing drug, Trenbolone comes with potential unwanted effects.
    Some of the commonest unwanted effects of Trenbolone include pimples, hair loss, insomnia, and changes in libido.

    Whereas their nickname may recommend the usage of Trenbolone,
    the Tren Twins have denied ever taking it. Trenbolone
    is a powerful anabolic steroid derived from
    Nandrolone and is usually used by bodybuilders to increase muscle
    mass and strength. Trenbolone belongs to a class of compounds generally identified as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS).
    Initially developed for veterinary use, it quickly caught the eye of bodybuilders as a outcome of
    its outstanding effects on lean muscle mass growth. Although not legally obtainable for human consumption or prescription purposes, it continues to be extensively
    used illicitly by athletes seeking accelerated features.
    Any suppressive steroid is going to cause low testosterone, however Trenbolone
    is well-known to be one of the most suppressive of all.

    It’s commonplace for it to cause a whole shutdown of testosterone, with
    erectile dysfunction and libido problems being simply two of many attainable
    unwanted facet effects of low testosterone. The lengthy half-life of Parabolan makes this a extra
    handy steroid to make use of compared to many others, which may require daily injections.
    The perfect administration is for a twice-weekly injection,
    where you split your weekly dose in half. So, like all forms
    of Trenbolone, Parabolan is considered a steroid with versatile uses and one value taking a look at, even when gaining
    large mass isn’t your major objective. HCG at 2500iu/week for 2-3
    weeks (2 shots/wk of 1250iu unfold evenly Mon/Thurs).
    On that observe, many guys find as soon as the
    dose is decreased, these sides settle down – another timely
    reminder of why being flexible together with your Trenbolone dose is important.

    Would not be clever, and is considered insanely high (for Trenbolone).
    The PCT program should be continued until your ranges have normalized and sperm manufacturing has resumed.
    Its absorbed very quickly in your blood, giving it only a 3-day half-life.
    This feature (how shortly its absorbed) usually comes down to the
    personal prefrence of the particular person utilizing
    it. Past this, there’s really no difference in what you’ll be
    able to anticipate from it. Trenbolone, in all its forms, was developed to be
    a “prodrug”, which implies its not in an energetic
    kind UNTIL its put into your physique, where
    its then converted to its active form.
    Because of this impact on DHT levels, hair thinning and receding is more probably on Tren compared
    to other steroids. Nevertheless, some do report that this effect does reverse post-cycle and their hair begins to look thicker again. Testosterone is
    an analogous type of compound that can be utilized to build
    huge quantities of muscle in the off-season, but additionally can be utilized
    when chopping to hurry up the fat loss process.
    The few such doctors that exist are often attempting to sell their own products as options.

    Pinning (injecting) with tren A is normally either every other day
    or day by day, whereas tren E may be 1-3 times per week, relying upon the stacking with different compounds.
    Trenbolone enanthate is somewhat superior to the acetate version for slicing functions, but each greatly enhance the velocity at which
    additional muscle mass is created. However in phrases of efficiency
    enhancements, the basics of cutting and bulking, that is
    the steroid of alternative.
    Tren, also called Trenbolone, presents significant muscle progress
    and strength advantages, promoting lean muscle mass development and
    enhanced protein synthesis. Customers expertise notable strength
    positive aspects and improved endurance by way of elevated red blood cell production. Nonetheless, warning
    is advised as a end result of common unwanted effects like aggression, insomnia, and acne, alongside health dangers together with cardiovascular points and
    hormonal imbalances. Misuse can worsen these results and
    result in severe liver damage or psychological disturbances.
    Understanding these professionals and cons may help people make informed choices about Tren’s usage.
    Trenbolone and Dianabol are each well-known anabolic steroids for enhancing
    muscle mass and strength. Trenbolone is significantly more potent than Dianabol and offers users with higher lean muscle positive
    aspects.
    The Bodybuilding.com App is designed that will
    help you reach your well being and fitness goals.

    Timing and frequency of administration play a vital role in optimizing the consequences of Tren Acetate while sustaining stability
    and minimizing potential side effects. As talked about earlier, SARMs have plenty of
    vitality that have to be used to good use.

    You clearly can see that they aren’t nicely, however you don’t know fairly why.” He did experience the signs, although, sweating through his shirts while eating carbs. And the “trensomnia” was brutal; he would toss and turn for hours and spent many nights barely sleeping. Teenagers who might want to experiment with tren also feel increasingly empowered by message boards that element how others have used it.
    Tren is a really highly effective anabolic steroid that can have some serious unwanted aspect effects if not used appropriately. Furthermore, Tren suspension can also be a preferred choice for athletes as a result of it doesn’t cause water retention. This is important for these who are attempting to stay within a certain weight class or compete in a particular bodybuilding competitors that has weight limits. His aggressiveness, anger, and selfishness made him so unbearable to be round that his mom usually didn’t want him in the home. Oliver alternated between six-week cycles of tren and rounds of testosterone substitute for five years.
    Regardless Of its slower-release, its considered just as effective as the other two types of Tren. Short-acting steroids at all times require extra injections per week, on this case each other day being probably the most frequent dosing schedule. Regardless Of being essentially the most potent, Acetate is essentially the most widely used form of Trenbolone. Tren Acetate orginially was designed for use in veterinary setting to increase cattle muscle size. Acetate is the most potent of the three Tren esters, possesing the biggest amount of active tren (per each a hundred mgs.). Abnormally high estrogen is what results in the dreaded “gynocemastia”, as nicely as lethargy and huge drops in temper and energy levels.

    References:

    benefits of steroid use (Marlon)

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  • La testosterona es una de las principales hormonas sexuales masculinas que es responsable
    de diversos desarrollos en el cuerpo. Casi todos los esteroides anabólicos androgénicos son derivados
    de la testosterona. Algunos de ellos tienen altos efectos anabólicos y androgénicos en comparación con la testosterona, y otros tienen bajos efectos.

    El clomifeno actúa como un modulador selectivo de los receptores de estrógeno
    (SERM, por sus siglas en inglés). Estos receptores se encuentran en varios tejidos del cuerpo,
    incluyendo el cerebro, los huesos y los músculos. Al bloquear los efectos del estrógeno en estos tejidos, el clomifeno puede aumentar la producción de testosterona
    en el cuerpo. Además, el clomifeno también puede ser útil para aquellos hombres que han experimentado una disminución en sus niveles de testosterona debido al envejecimiento o el uso de esteroides.

    Al aumentar los niveles de testosterona, el clomifeno puede
    mejorar la libido, la energía y el estado de ánimo
    en estos hombres. Muchos esteroides anabolizantes están prohibidos en algunos
    países, por lo que los deportistas profesionales solían comprarlos en el
    mercado gris.
    Cada vez es más difícil encontrar información precisa en Web sobre
    los esteroides anabolizantes androgénicos, especialmente para su uso en mujeres.
    A pesar del hecho de que EQ tiene un nivel comparativamente leve de
    efecto supresor de testosterona en comparación con algunos
    de los esteroides más potentes, sigue siendo un alto riesgo
    usarlo sin la adición de testosterona exógena en el ciclo.
    Por lo tanto, cualquiera que desee usar Equipoise,
    sin importar su nivel de experiencia, debe combinar al menos con un esteroide de testosterona
    en lugar de usarlo solo. El colesterol es otra área a tener en cuenta
    cuando se usa boldenona, pero una vez más, tiene un efecto mucho menos grave aquí
    que muchos otros esteroides. El EQ puede causar una reducción en los niveles de HDL mientras lo usa, pero solo
    aquellos con problemas de colesterol existentes
    encontrarán que esto es un problema; para la mayoría de las personas sanas, es poco possible que cause problemas.
    Las medidas regulares para controlar estos efectos secundarios con el uso de medicamentos AI o SERM funcionan bien para la gran mayoría de los hombres, y solo con las dosis más altas de EQ los efectos estrogénicos pueden comenzar a volverse severos.
    Los posibles efectos secundarios estrogénicos incluyen ginecomastia y retención de
    agua , así como hipertensión arterial si la retención de líquidos se vuelve
    excesiva.
    Los esteroides son sustancias de origen animal o,
    más raramente, de origen vegetal, que poseen una alta actividad
    biológica. Por ejemplo, los esteroides anabólicos de cortico alivian la inflamación y si no fuera
    por ellos, te retorcerías de dolor. No seremos iguales a AAS todo lo que lleva este nombre, pero estamos de acuerdo
    en que los esteroides son aquellos que se usan en el culturismo.
    Para mejorar los resultados en el gimnasio lo mejor es olvidarse de los atajos
    y optar por el binomio dieta y entrenamiento personalizados, junto con un buen manejo del sueño y descanso.

    Luego, se detiene Dianabol mientras que Equipoise y Testosterona se continúan durante las
    8 semanas restantes, lo que constituye un ciclo
    de 12 semanas en complete. Al ser un esteroide versátil en sus propiedades y efectos, también es versátil en cómo puede incluirlo en un ciclo.

    Aunque una vez más no es el esteroide potenciador
    de fuerza más poderoso disponible, EQ aún puede brindarle algunos aumentos de fuerza moderados y
    bienvenidos, lo que lo hace atractivo para una amplia gama de atletas.

    Este efecto negativo sobre el colesterol no debería ser tan fuerte como la mayoría
    de los esteroides anabólicos orales, pero será mucho más pronunciado que
    la mayoría de los esteroides inyectables. Un estilo de vida amigable con el colesterol es imperativo, lo que significa una dieta amistosa con el colesterol
    rica en ácidos grasos omega, bajos en grasas saturadas y baja en azúcares simples.
    Durante la fase de corte no hay esteroides anabólicos en la tierra tan beneficiosos como el acetato de trembolona.

    Más bien se quiebran en dihydronandrolone (DHN), que explica los fenómenos
    de ‘nandrolona dick’, ya que es un andrógeno mucho más
    débil. Desafortunadamente, la solución a este problema es incomprendida por el gurú
    del Foro, que le dirá a pila de testosterona en su ciclo de.

    La razón es que la testosterona sólo abrigos a DHT en un 5% tasa de, así generalmente no es suficiente
    para contrarrestar los efectos de dihydronandrolone.
    Por Consiguiente, sería la opción más inteligente apilar
    de proviron, u otro puramente DHT derivado compuesto.
    Un estudio sugiere que alrededor del 50% de quienes usan esteroides anabólicos
    en dosis altas para el culturismo obtener acné esteroide.

    Yo me he gastado más de euros en dos años”, comenta Brian, que ha completado cuatro ciclos —en su caso, de dos meses, con tres pinchazos semanales que él mismo se administra en casa en el culo, los hombros o el bíceps, según la zona que se busque potenciar— y va a por el quinto. Pero se habla mucho de calvicie, infertilidad… ¿qué hay de cierto en todo esto? El cuerpo normalmente funcional con un 60% de testosterona pure, y cuando te metes estos productos pasas al 150%, vas al doble o al triple de lo normal. Al tenerla altísima, el cuerpo deja de fabricar testosterona, así que cuando acabas la preparación tienes que tomar otros productos para el submit, que sirven para reactivar la producción pure.
    Una alta concentración de estrógenos es responsable de la feminización, efectos secundarios en usuarios masculinos de esteroides caracterizados por ginecomastia o el desarrollo de agrandamiento de las mamas. Andy, un entrenador de tenis de treinta y tantos años, notó por primera vez que los SARMS se publicitaban online hace unos dos años. Recuerda haberlos visto comercializados como una “alternativa de
    esteroides que le daría efectos similares”. Andy había estado yendo al gimnasio durante dos décadas, haciendo ejercicio tres o cuatro veces por semana. Y otro mito ante el que nos encontramos es que la creatina produce ginecomastia.
    El mundo del culturismo está lleno de afirmaciones anecdóticas sobre mejores resultados en el culturismo y la pérdida de peso gracias al uso de drogas para mejorar el rendimiento (PED) por parte de culturistas de todos los niveles. La mejor manera de evitar todos los efectos secundarios anteriores es – los usuarios necesitan para llevar a cabo la duración del ciclo de esteroides derecho y las dosis. También es importante realizar una terapia post-ciclo después del ciclo de esteroides para combatir varios efectos secundarios negativos de los esteroides.

    References:

    where to buy anabolic steroids online; Micheal,

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